What is Brain Fingerprinting?

Brain Fingerprinting is designed to determine whether an individual recognizes specific information related to an event or activity by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures presented on a computer screen.  The technique can be applied only in situations where investigators have a sufficient amount of specific information about an event or activity that would be known only to the perpetrator and investigator.  In this respect, Brain Fingerprinting is considered a type of Guilty Knowledge Test, where the "guilty" party is expected to react strongly to the relevant detail of the event of activity.

Existing (polygraph) procedures for assessing the validity of a suspect's "guilty" knowledge rely on measurement of autonomic arousal (e.g., palm sweating and heart rate), while Brain Fingerprinting measures electrical brain activity via a fitted headband containing special sensors.  Brain Fingerprinting is said to be more accurate in detecting "guilty" knowledge distinct from the false positives of traditional polygraph methods, but this is hotly disputed by specialized researchers.

What is HYPER TRANSPORT TECHNOLOGY ?

Hyper Transport technology is a very fast, low latency,  point-to-point link used for inter-connecting integrated circuits on board. Hyper Transport, previously codenamed as Lightning Data Transport (LDT), provides the bandwidth and flexibility critical for today's networking and computing platforms while retaining the fundamental programming model of PCI. Hyper Transport was invented by AMD and perfected with the help of several partners throughout the industry.

           

                        Hyper Transport was designed to support both CPU-to-CPU communications as well as CPU-to-I/O transfers, thus, it features very low latency.  It provides up to 22.4 Gigabyte/second aggregate CPU to I/O or CPU  to  CPU  bandwidth in a highly efficient  chip-to-chip technology that replaces existing complex multi-level buses .Using enhanced 1.2 volt LVDS signaling reduces signal noise, using  non-multiplexed lines cuts down on signal activity and using dual-data rate clocks lowers clock rates while increasing data throughput. . It employs a packet-based data protocol to eliminate many sideband (control and command) signals and supports asymmetric, variable width data paths.

BHARTI AIRTEL

Bharti Airtel is a leading telecom company in India."We at Airtel always think in fresh and innovative ways about the needs of our customers and how we want them to feel. We deliver what we promise and go out of our way to delight the customer with a little bit more”
Bharti Airtel formerly known as Bharti Tele-Ventures LTD (BTVL) is the largest cellular service provider in India.
with more than 110 million subscribers as of 2009
Founded July 07, 1995, Headquarters New Delhi, India

Largest Telecom Player in India - ~80Mn, 22.6%
Market Leader
Recognized Globally
Pan India Presence
Strong Financials
Focus on Core Activities – Outsource the rest
Strong Brand Image – Marketing Team
Strong New Business Development team

SMART DUST and its Applications

The smart dust mote consists of a micro controller which determines the task performed by the micro controller and the amount of power to be given to various components of the smart dust as energy conservation is one of the important issues in these motes
                           The microcontroller in the smart dust gets reading from one of the sensors processes it and stores it in the memory .it often switches on its optical receivers see if anyone is trying  to communicate  .the communication includes information about the task to be performed by the mote which could even change the behavior of the mote by giving new program code .to transmit a data to the centre station or another mote the mote uses the corner cube retro reflector or laser beam .
Smart Dust remain suspended in the air for hours, the air currents can also move them in the direction of flow. It is very hard to detect the presence of the Smart Dust and it is even harder to get rid of them once deployed. Moreover it does not cost much so can be densely deployed. Due to the above-mentioned features, Smart Dust can be used in varied application fields. These are as follows:
1)    Environmental protection (identification and monitoring of pollution).
2)    Habitat monitoring (observing the behavior of the animals in there natural habitat).
3)    Military application (monitoring activities in inaccessible areas, accompany soldiers and alert them to any poisons or dangerous biological substances in the air).
4)    Indoor/Outdoor Environmental Monitoring
5)    Security and Tracking
6)    Health and Wellness Monitoring (enter human bodies and check for physiological problems)
7)    Power Monitoring
8)    Inventory Location Awareness
9)    Factory and Process Automation
10)    Seismic and Structural Monitoring
11)    Monitor traffic and redirecting it
12)    Virtual keyboard Glue a dust mote on each of your fingernails. Accelerometers will sense the orientation and motion of each of your fingertips, and talk to the computer in your watch.

How Lie Detectors Works?

When a person takes a polygraph test, four to six sensors are attached to him. A polygraph is a machine in which the multiple ("poly") signals from the sensors are recorded on a single strip of moving paper ("graph"). The sensors usually record:
     The person's breathing rate
     The person's pulse
     The person's blood pressure
     The person's perspiration
Sometimes a polygraph will also record things like arm and leg movement.
When the polygraph test starts, the questioner asks three or four simple questions to establish the norms for the person's signals. Then the real questions being tested by the polygraph are asked. Throughout questioning, all of the person's signals are recorded on the moving paper.
Both during and after the test, a polygraph examiner can look at the graphs and can see whether the vital signs changed significantly on any of the questions. In general, a significant change (such as a faster heart rate, higher blood pressure, increased perspiration) indicates that the person is lying.
When a well-trained examiner uses a polygraph, he or she can detect lying with high accuracy. However, because the examiner's interpretation is subjective and because different people react differently to lying, a polygraph test is not perfect and can be fooled.

Introduction to Polygraph Machine

A polygraph (popularly referred to as a lie detector) is an instrument that measures and records several physiological responses such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration, breathing rhythms, body temperature and skin conductivity while the subject is asked and answers a series of questions, on the theory that false answers will produce distinctive measurements. The polygraph measures physiological changes caused by the sympathetic nervous system during questioning. Within the US federal government, a polygraph examination is also referred to as a psycho physiological detection of deception (PDD) examination.


Polygraphs are in some countries used as an interrogation tool with criminal suspects or candidates for sensitive public or private sector employment. The use and effectiveness of the polygraph is controversial, with the manner of its use and its validity subject to increasing criticism.

Global Positioning Systems (GPS)

Global Positioning Systems (GPS) are space-based radio positioning systems that provide 24 hour three-dimensional position, velocity and time information to suitably equipped users anywhere on or near the surface of the Earth (and sometimes off the earth). Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are extended GPS systems, providing users with sufficient accuracy and integrity information to be useable for critical navigation applications. The NAVSTAR system, operated by the U.S. Department of Defense, is the first GPS system widely available to civilian users. The Russian GPS system, GLONASS, is similar in operation and may prove complimentary to the NAVSTAR system.

These systems promise radical improvements to many systems that impact all people. By combining GPS with current and future computer mapping techniques, we will be better able to identify and manage our natural resources. Intelligent vehicle location and navigation systems will let us avoid congested freeways and find more efficient routes to our destinations, saving millions of dollars in gasoline and tons of air pollution. Travel abord ships and aircraft will be safer in all weather conditions. Businesses with large amounts of outside plant (railroads, utilities) will be able to manage their resources more efficiently, reducing consumer costs. 

 

GPS, which stands for Global Positioning System, is a radio navigation system that allows land, sea, and airborne users to determine their exact location, velocity, and time 24 hours a day, in all weather conditions, anywhere in the world. The capabilities of today’s system render other well-known navigation and positioning “technologies”—namely the magnetic compass, the sextant, the chronometer, and radio-based devices—impractical and obsolete. GPS is used to support a broad range of military, commercial, and consumer applications.

24 GPS satellites (21 active, 3 spare) are in orbit at 10,600 miles above the earth. The satellites are spaced so that from any point on earth, four satellites will be above the horizon. Each satellite contains a computer, an atomic clock, and a radio. With an understanding of its own orbit and the clock, the satellite continually broadcasts its changing position and time. (Once a day, each satellite checks its own sense of time and position with a ground station and makes any minor correction.) On the ground, any GPS receiver contains a computer that "triangulates" its own position by getting bearings from three of the four satellites. The result is provided in the form of a geographic position - longitude and latitude - to, for most receivers, within a few meters.

If the receiver is also equipped with a display screen that shows a map, the position can be shown on the map. If a fourth satellite can be received, the receiver/computer can figure out the altitude as well as the geographic position. If you are moving, your receiver may also be able to calculate your speed and direction of travel and give you estimated times of arrival to specified destinations. Some specialized GPS receivers can also store data for use in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and map making.

What is Brain Fingerprinting?How it Works?

Brain Fingerprinting is designed to determine whether an individual recognizes specific information related to an event or activity by measuring electrical brain wave responses to words, phrases, or pictures presented on a computer screen.  The technique can be applied only in situations where investigators have a sufficient amount of specific information about an event or activity that would be known only to the perpetrator and investigator.  In this respect, Brain Fingerprinting is considered a type of Guilty Knowledge Test, where the "guilty" party is expected to react strongly to the relevant detail of the event of activity.

Existing (polygraph) procedures for assessing the validity of a suspect's "guilty" knowledge rely on measurement of autonomic arousal (e.g., palm sweating and heart rate), while Brain Fingerprinting measures electrical brain activity via a fitted headband containing special sensors.  Brain Fingerprinting is said to be more accurate in detecting "guilty" knowledge distinct from the false positives of traditional polygraph methods, but this is hotly disputed by specialized researchers.

BIOTELEMETRY

Biotelemetry is a vital constituent in the field of medical sciences. It entails remote measurement of biological parameters. Transmission of physiological data from point of generation to the point of reception can take many forms.
Biotelemetry, using wireless diagnosis, can monitor electronically the symptoms and movements of patients. This development has opened up avenues for medical diagnosis and treatment.
It enables monitoring of activity levels in patients suffering from heart troubles, asthma, pain, Alzheimer’s disease, mood disorders, cardiovascular problems, accidents, etc. A patient’s response and reaction to drugs can also be investigated for treatment.
Radio telemetry transmits biological data using various radio transmission techniques. No wires are required to be attached to the patient’s body. The patient just carries a bracelet-sized transmitter that enables monitoring of the patients symptoms.

BLUE EYES

Imagine yourself in a world where humans interact with computers. You are sitting in front of your personal computer that can listen, talk, or even scream aloud. It has the ability to  gather information about you and interact with you through special techniques like facial recognition, speech recognition, etc. It can even understands your emotions at the touch of the mouse. It verifies your identity,feels your presents,and starts interacting with you .You ask the computer to dial to your friend at his office. It realizes the urgency of the situation through the mouse, dials your friend at his office, and establishes a connection.

            Human cognition depends primarly on the ability to perceive, interpret, and integrate audio-visuals and sensoring information. Adding extraordinary perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers to work together with human beings as intimate partners. Reserchers are attempting to add more capabilities to computers that will allow them to interact like humans, recogonise human presents, talk, listen, or even guess their feelings.

Overview of Quantum Mirage

The term quantum mirage refers to a phenomenon that may make it possible to transfer data without conventional electrical wiring. Instead of forcing charge carriers through solid conductors, a process impractical on a microscopic scale, electron wave phenomena are made to produce effective currents.
All moving particles have a wavelike nature. This is rarely significant on an everyday scale. But in atomic dimensions, where distances are measured in nanometers, moving particles behave like waves. This phenomenon is what makes the electron microscope workable. It is of interest to researchers in nanotechnology, who are looking for ways to deliver electric currents through circuits too small for conventional wiring.

A quantum mirage is a spot where electron waves are focused so they reinforce each other. The result is an energy hot zone, similar to the acoustical hot zones observed in concrete enclosures, or the electromagnetic wave focus of a dish antenna. In the case of electron waves, the enclosure is called a quantum corral. An elliptical corral produces mirages at the foci of the ellipse. A typical quantum corral measures approximately 20 nm long by 10 nm wide. By comparison, the range of visible wavelengths is approximately 390 nm (violet light) to 750 nm (red light). One nanometer is 10-9 meter, or a millionth of a millimeter.

Wearable Biosesnsors Equipments

Wearable sensors and systems have evolved to the point that they can be considered ready for clinical application. The use of wearable monitoring devices that allow continuous or intermittent monitoring of physiological signals is critical for the advancement of both the diagnosis as well as treatment of diseases.

            

Wearable systems are totally non-obtrusive devices that allow physicians to overcome the limitations of ambulatory technology and provide a response to the need for monitoring individuals over weeks or months. They typically rely on wireless miniature sensors enclosed in patches or bandages or in items that can be worn, such as ring or shirt. The data sets recorded using these systems are then processed to detect events predictive of possible worsening of the patient’s clinical situations or they are explored to access the impact of clinical interventions.  

What is Smart card ?

A smart card, chip card, or integrated circuit card (ICC), is in any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits which can process data. This implies that it can receive input which is processed — by way of the ICC applications — and delivered as an output. There are two broad categories of ICCs. Memory cards contain only non-volatile memory storage components, and perhaps some specific security logic. Microprocessor cards contain volatile memory and microprocessor components. The card is made of plastic, generally PVC, but sometimes ABS. The card may embed a hologram to avoid counterfeiting. Using smartcards also is a form of strong security authentication for single sign-on within large companies and organizations.

Overview

A "smart card" is also characterized as follows:

• Dimensions are normally credit card size. The ID-1 of ISO/IEC 7810 standard defines them as 85.60 × 53.98 mm. Another popular size is ID-000 which is 25 × 15 mm (commonly used in SIM cards). Both are 0.76 mm thick.
• Contains a security system with tamper-resistant properties (e.g. a secure cryptoprocessor, secure file system, human-readable features) and is capable of providing security services (e.g. confidentiality of information in the memory).
• Asset managed by way of a central administration system which interchanges information and configuration settings with the card through the security system. The latter includes card hotlisting, updates for application data.
• Card data is transferred to the central administration system through card reading devices, such as ticket readers, ATMs etc.

Latest Robotocs Surgery techniques

Robot-assisted surgery is the latest development in the larger movement of endoscopy, a type of minimally invasive surgery--the idea being that less invasive procedures translate into less trauma and pain for patients. Surgery through smaller incisions typically results in less scarring and faster recovery. It's not that robots are changing the basics of surgery. Surgeons are still cutting and sewing like they have been for decades. Robots represent a new computer-assisted tool that provides another way for surgeons to work.

Rather than cutting patients open, endoscopy allows surgeons to operate through small incisions by using an endoscope. This fiber optic instrument has a small video camera that gives doctors a magnified internal view of a surgical site on a television screen.

In abdominal endoscopy, known as laparoscopy, surgeons thread the fiber optic instrument into the abdomen. First performed in the late 1980s, laparoscopy is now routine for many procedures, such as surgery on the gallbladder and on female organs.

Joseph Andrews or Tom Jones

If we discard this fallacy boldly, and ask ourselves whether Amelia is or is not as
good as Joseph Andrews or Tom Jones, we shall I think be inclined to answer
rather in the affirmative than in the negative. It is perhaps a little more easy to
find fault with its characters than with theirs; or rather, though no one of these
characters has the defects of Blifil or of Allworthy, it is easy to say that no one of
them has the charm of the best personages of the earlier books. The idolaters of
Amelia would of course exclaim at this sentence as it regards that amiable lady;
and I am myself by no means disposed to rank amiability low in the scale of
things excellent in woman. But though she is by no means what her namesake
and spiritual grand-daughter. Miss Sedley, must, I fear, be pronounced to be, an
amiable fool, there is really too much of the milk of human kindness, unrefreshed
and unrelieved of its mawkishness by the rum or whisky of human frailty, in her.
One could have better pardoned her forgiveness of her husband if she had in the
first place been a little more conscious of what there was to forgive; and in the
second, a little more romantic in her attachment to him. As it is, he was son
homme; he was handsome; he had broad shoulders; he had a sweet temper; he
was the father of her children, and that was enough. At least we are allowed to
see in Mr. Booth no qualities other than these, and in her no imagination even of
any other qualities.

Uses of optical links

a)      Optical transceivers require only simple baseband analog and digital circuitry; no modulators, active bandpass filters or demodulators are needed.

b)      The short wavelength of visible or near-infrared light (of the order of 1 micron) makes it possible for a millimeter-scale device to emit a narrow beam (i.e., high antenna gain can be achieved).

c)      A base-station transceiver (BTS) equipped with a compact imaging receiver can decode the simultaneous transmissions from a large number of dust motes at different locations within the receiver field of view, which is a form of space-division multiplexing.